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Alexander Tzonis ((ギリシア語:Αλέξανδρος Τζώνης); born November 8, 1937) is a Greek born architect, researcher and author. He has made contributions to architectural theory, history, and design cognition bringing together scientific and humanistic approaches in a rare synthesis. Since 1975 he has been collaborating in most projects with Liane Lefaivre. In 1985 he founded and directed Design Knowledge Systems (DKS), a multidisciplinary research institute for the study of architectural methodology and the development of design thinking tools at TUDelft. Tzonis is known for his work on creative design by analogy, the classical canon, history of the emergence and development of modern architectural thinking, and introducing the idea of Critical Regionalism. == Biography == Alexander Tzonis was born in Athens where he attended The Athens College. His parents studied in Athens, Gratz, and Vienna.〔Wilhelm Halden & Hariklia Tzoni ‘A Colour Reaction for the Detection and Determination of Vitamin D’ Nature 137, 30 May 1936. Konstantin Tzonis Elektrotaxis, Elektronarkose, Elektrometanarkose bei Myriopoden (Tausendflussler) Biologischen Station in Lunz, Niederoesterreich 18 Februar 1936〕 His father was professor of biology in the University of Thessaloniki and active in politics and in the Greek Resistance, his mother the first female chemical engineer in Greece. Tzonis studied architecture in the National Technical University of Athens and was instructed privately in mathematics and art meeting regularly with the architect Dimitris Pikionis who was by then retired from teaching. During the period of his university studies, he worked professionally as a stage designer in the theatre and art director in the cinema. (Never on Sunday, 1960 directed by Jules Dassin). In 1961 he moved to the United States as a Ford Fellow, where he pursued his studies at Yale University, briefly in the Drama School and soon after in the School of Art and Architecture under Paul Rudolph, Shadrach Woods, Robert Venturi, and Serge Chermayeff.〔Robert Stern ‘Yale 1950-1965’ Oppositions 4, October 1974. Alexander Tzonis ‘Recollections of Paul Rudolph’, Tony Monk The Art and Architecture of Paul Rudolph Chichester, p. 199〕 In 1965, with sponsorship from the Twentieth Century Fund he was appointed fellow at Yale where he carried out pioneering research on Planning and Design Methodology in collaboration with Chermayeff with whom he co-authored The Shape of Community (1972).〔Alan Powers Serge Chermayefff: Designer Architect, Teacher, London, 2001, pp 206 - 215〕 In 1968 he was invited to teach at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University by Jerzy Soltan and Josep Lluis Sert appointed assistant professor. There he taught and did advanced research in analytical design methods in association with Walter Isard and Ovadia Salama, receiving outside advice from Anatol Rapaport and Seymour Papert. In collaboration with Salama, introducing the newly developed method ELECTRE he worked out a new method for multi-criteria evaluation of architectural projects (1975). In collaboration with Michael Freeman, Etienne de Cointet, and his undergraduate student Robert Berwick, who became later professor of computational linguistics at MIT, he developed a method for design discourse analysis applied to the case of 17th and 18th century texts of French architectural theory, a project funded by the French Government carried out at Harvard (1975).〔"Problems of Judgement in Programmatic Analysis in Architecture", DMG DRS Journal (Jul.-Sept.) 1974, co-author O. Salama and on discourse analysis Tzonis, A. with M. Freeman, L. Lefaivre, O. Salama, R. Berwick, E. de Cointet, Systèmes conceptuels de l’Architecture en France de 1650 à 1800, Cambridge Ma.: C.O.R.D.A. 1975〕 While researching scientific problems related to design methodology, reacting to the socio-environmental urban crisis of the 1960s and the inability of mainstream functionalist architecture to cope with it, he wrote Towards a Non-oppressive Environment, a critical book dealing with the historical roots and the underlying conflicts of the crisis. The book was published by Mary Otis Stevens I Press (1974) soon to be translated in six languages.〔Towards a Non-Oppressive Environment, Cambridge: I Press, 1972〕 Following its publication, Tzonis introduced at Harvard the critical-historical study of modern design thinking initiating the teaching of History of Design Methodology, for the first time internationally.〔Anthony Alofsin The Struggle for Modernism, New York, 2002, pp 256–269〕 During the 1970s he worked also as academic editor, first with Penguin Books initiating the multidisciplinary series Man Made Environment. Because of economic difficulties of the company, in the early 1970s, only three volumes were published, among them a volume on environmental conflict authored by Anatol Rapaport (1974) and Shadrach Woods on urbanism (1975). After a failed attempt to edit a multi-volume Harvard Encyclopedia of Architecture, with Gavin Borden (Garland Publishing) as publisher, he undertook as general editor the multi-volume Garland Architectural Archives, one of the largest architectural publishing projects.〔Since 1997 Garland Publishing joined the Taylor & Francis〕 In 1980, Gerald McCue, then chairman of the Department of Architecture at Harvard, was appointed dean at the Graduate School of Design, a change that put an end to the multi-disciplinary research and analytical methods orientation of the School expanding under the Deanship of Maurice D. Kilbridge, reducing drastically the planning department, several of its members moving to the Kennedy School.〔Boisfeuillet Jones Jr ‘Harvard, M.I.T. Urban Studies Get $6 Million Ford Foundation Grant’ Harvard Crimson Thursday, November 30, 1967, Richard F. Strasser ‘A Facelift for GSD, Reworking the System’ Harvard Crimson Thursday, June 05, 1980〕 In 1981, Tzonis moved to the Netherlands, appointed professor of design methodology at the Delft University of Technology (TUD)〔Alexander Tzonis ‘The lost years?’ OASE Journal for Architecture 75, 25 Years of Critical Reflection on Architecture 2008 pp 10-17〕 where, in 1985, he founded and began directing Design Knowledge Systems, a multi-disciplinary research institute on Architectural Cognition. During the 1970s, in response to the rise of the post-modernism that Tzonis believed not only had abandoned the environmental and social goals of the modern movement but also lacked depth and authenticity, after spending a year in France, invited by the French Ministry of Culture, (1972–1973) working closely with the young generation of French critics and historians (Bruno Fortier), he became involved with architectural criticism. The result was a long series of publications, most co-authored with his wife Liane Lefaivre (married in 1973), now professor at the Universität für angewandte Kunst, Vienna, reflecting on the current tendencies of architecture: Populism (1975), Narcissism (1978)—both terms introduced in architectural criticism by Tzonis and Lefaivre—and rethinking the Classical Canon, leading to the seminal book Classical Architecture, (1986, 1990s). These ideas were further elaborated in books for a general audience co-authored with Lefaivre (Architecture in Europe since 1968, Between Memory and Invention (1992) (American Institute of Architects Award), and with Richard Diamond and Lefaivre Architecture in North America since 1960 (1995). End of the 1970s, Tzonis with Lefaivre, turned his attention to rethinking Regionalism. They coined the term ‘Critical Regionalism’,〔“Die Frage des Regionalismus", Für eine andere Architektur, edited by M. Andritsky, L. Burckhardt and O. Hoffmann, Frankfurt am Main. 1981〕 to name the reaction to globalisation in architecture producing a dysfunctional, ‘flat world’ choices and pointed to an approach to architecture that while inviting an open world founded on shared values and cutting edge technology it would celebrate local cultural inventions, boost human ties, respect physical ecosystem resources, and enable diversity. The idea initiated numerous writings, symposia, and inspired projects around the world (1981, 1991, 2001). In the framework of DKS, Tzonis and his collaborators, among them Donald Schön, investigated design creativity, analogy in design, (Nan Fang, B. S. Inanç), design biases, (Philip Bay Joo-Hwa), collaborative design, (Hoang Ell Jeng), and cross-cultural studies on design methods (Xiaodong Li, Li Yu,) producing articles, a textbook, co-authored with Ian White Automation Based Creative Design (Elsevier, 1994). Some results of these studies were presented in articles and books for the wider public: on Leonardo da Vinci (1989), Le Corbusier (2001), and co-authored with Lefaivre, Aldo van Eyck (1999) and on Santiago Calatrava (1999, 2001, 2004) whose work he studied in depth and wrote extensively about it. Tzonis has been visiting professor at the National University Singapore, (2006–2007), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1996), the Technion, Israël Institute of Technology, (1985), Columbia University, (1974–1975), Institut 'Architecture et d'Urbanisme, Strasbourg, (1972–1973), Université de Montréal (1970–1971). In 2002 he was invited to lecture in College de France on ‘Architecture and Spatial Intelligence’. In 2005, Tzonis retired from TUD becoming professor emeritus. In 2007, he was appointed professor of Architectural Theory at Tsinghua University. In 2012 he was named fellow at the Shenkar College of Engineering, Design and Art in Israel. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexander Tzonis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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